Neuroinflammation: the Road to Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Mark L. Gordon, M.D.

Medical Director, Millennium-TBI & The Millennium Health Centers, Encino, CA; CBS Studios;
USC, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, Los Angeles, CA (1997-2013)
Medical Director of Education, Access Medical Laboratories, Jupiter, FL
Member, AMMG Conference Planning Committee

Neuroinflammation is a critical factor in the development of neuropsychiatric illnesses, particularly those associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite advancements in prevention and treatment, TBI remains a significant burden, affecting a substantial portion of the U.S. population. The brain’s intricate neurochemistry regulates neuronal activity and relies on precise molecular interactions within cellular and neurotransmitter systems. Even minor disruptions to these interactions can lead to neurological pathology. Recent research has shed light on the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of trauma, increasing interest in its potential as a mediator of neuropsychiatric conditions. Neurotrauma-induced inflammation is a complex process involving various protein-chemicals, such as cytokines, chemokines, leukotrienes, and interleukins, which can activate microglia—a key component of the central nervous system’s immune response. Microglia react to injury rapidly, becoming chronically activated and perpetuating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress that can persist for years after the initial trauma. This chronic inflammation, specifically driven by IL-1β, TNF-α, and NFkB, coincides with the onset of mood and cognitive impairments. Furthermore, the presence of autoantibodies targeting ion channels and neuronal receptors, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R), voltage gated potassium channel complex (VGKC-complex), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPA-R), γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABA-R) and dopamine receptor (DR), have been linked to neurological and major neuropsychiatric disorders such as psychosis, major depression, autism spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The conventional clinical approach to trauma-related neuropsychiatric disorders has relied on psychotropic medications, but this approach has limitations due to side effects and the lack of inflammatory control. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the role of neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric illnesses is crucial for the development of more effective and targeted treatment strategies.

Duration: 1h01m41s